Table 3 Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data in low-medium risk group and high risk group at risk for T2DKD progression

Male, n(%)

55 (58.51%)

46(71.88%)

2.949

0.086

Age, years

60.23 ± 12.01

59.00 ± 12.45

0.625

0.533

BMI, kg/m²

24.07 ± 4.19

24.80 ± 3.28

−1.173

0.243

Diabetes duration, years

12.00 (5.00, 8.00)

13.50 (7.00, 20.00)

−0.963

0.336

Smoking history, n(%)

29(30.85%)

23(35.94%)

0.446

0.504

History of hypertension, n(%)

48(51.06%)

44(68.75%)

4.897

0.027^*

history of coronary heart disease, n(%)

11(11.70%)

12(18.75%)

1.521

0.218

history of stroke, n(%)

5(5.32%)

12(18.75%)

7.153

0.007^*

History of atherosclerosis, n(%)

54(57.45%)

45(70.31%)

2.694

0.101

Family history of diabetes, n(%)

19(20.21%)

10(15.63%)

0.535

0.465

History of diabetic retinopathy, n(%)

16(17.02%)

16(25.00%)

1.501

0.221

History of SGLT2 inhibitor use, n(%)

16(17.02%)

14(21.88%)

0.583

0.445

History of GLP1 drug use, n(%)

7(7.45%)

2(3.13%)

0.642

0.423

History of use of ARBs or ACEIs, n(%)

23(24.47%)

24(37.50%)

3.094

0.079

SBP, mmHg

127.22 ± 24.46

126.98 ± 21.09

0.064

0.949

DBP, mmHg

79.40 ± 11.36

78.59 ± 14.36

0.378

0.706

Serum creatinine, µmol/L

72.20 ± 15.50

111.66 ± 53.47

−5.741

<0.001^*

Serum creatinine for males, µmol/L

79.41 ± 13.83

117.56 ± 54.37

−4.636

<0.001^*

Serum creatinine for females, µmol/L

62.04 ± 11.62

96.57 ± 49.34

−2.932

0.009^*

eGFR, mL/(min*1.73m²)

95.49 ± 21.60

76.23 ± 68.94

2.164

0.034^*

eGFR for males, mL/(min*1.73m²)

95.54 ± 18.45

70.31 ± 26.47

5.451

<0.001^*

eGFR for females, mL/(min*1.73m²)

95.43 ± 25.66

91.35 ± 124.18

0.138

0.892

UACR, mg/g

61.39 (41.56, 109.57)

543.08 (309.1176.35)

−9.043

<0.001^*

Hemoglobin, g/L

144.89 ± 20.84

138.72 ± 22.19

1.818

0.071

Neutrophil percentage, %

59.94 ± 10.71

63.71 ± 10.55

−2.188

0.030^*

Neutrophil absolute value

4.32 ± 3.43

4.95 ± 2.52

−1.260

0.210

Lymphocyte absolute value

2.05 ± 0.64

1.90 ± 0.75

1.323

0.188

NLR

1.74 (1.33, 2.30)

2.21 (1.84, 3.70)

−3.781

<0.001^*

Plasma fibrinogen, g/L

4.03 ± 1.53

4.38 ± 1.32

−1.317

0.190

Serum albumin, g/L

41.05 ± 4.88

38.60 ± 4.93

3.094

0.002^*

Serum uric acid, µmol/L

344.89 ± 89.87

406.00 ± 97.49

−4.054

<0.001^*

TC, mmol/L

4.24 ± 1.09

4.51 ± 1.34

−1.373

0.172

TG, mmol/L

1.55 (1.19, 2.44)

1.82 (1.26, 3.13)

−1.548

0.122

LDL-C, mmol/L

2.51 ± 0.92

2.50 ± 1.27

0.005

0.996

HDL-C, mmol/L

0.96 ± 0.25

0.99 ± 0.42

−0.518

0.605

25 (OH) D, nmol/L

57.97 ± 23.90

46.01 ± 19.07

3.258

0.001^*

VDR, ng/mL

0.67 (0.22, 1.44)

0.80 (0.27, 1.73)

−1.445

0.148

HbA1c, %

9.59 ± 2.22

9.06 ± 2.06

1.517

0.131

FPG, mmol/L

7.40 ± 3.16

7.12 ± 4.25

0.458

0.648

FINS, mU/L

15.62 (9.03, 27.71)

15.37 (8.92, 29.05)

−0.239

0.811

FCP, ng/mL

1.42 (0.74, 2.14)

1.54 (0.63, 2.42)

−0.470

0.638

VDR-FokI genotype

1.114

0.573

 FF

25 (26.60%)

15 (23.44%)

 Ff

45 (47.87%)

36 (56.25%)

 ff

24 (25.53%)

13 (20.31%)