Table 1 Demographic, anthropometric and clinical data of the study subjects

Male, n(%)

25 (56.82%)

73 (64.04%)

101 (63.92%)

0.831

0.660

Age, years

52.32 ± 6.85

57.48 ± 10.85^a

59.73 ± 12.17^a

20.306

<0.001^*

Serum creatinine, µmol/L

72.97 ± 12.57

71.38 ± 16.58

88.18 ± 40.83^ab

15.494

<0.001^*

eGFR, mL/(min*1.73m²)

93.81 ± 11.40

99.78 ± 22.26

87.69 ± 47.68^ab

21.494

<0.001^*

Serum uric acid, µmol/L

327.36 ± 88.74

348.90 ± 93.69

369.64 ± 97.48^a

3.937

0.020^*

TC, mmol/L

5.09 ± 0.95

4.31 ± 1.09^a

4.35 ± 1.20^a

8.611

<0.001^*

TG, mmol/L

1.64 (1.20, 1.96)

1.45 (0.98, 2.12)

1.63 (1.20, 2.69)^b

8.123

0.017^*

LDL-C, mmol/L

3.14 ± 0.86

2.61 ± 0.98^a

2.51 ± 1.07^a

6.860

0.001^*

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.31 ± 0.27

1.10 ± 0.32^a

0.97 ± 0.33^ab

21.864

<0.001^*

FPG, mmol/L

4.77 ± 0.32

6.67 ± 2.57^a

7.28 ± 3.63^a

28.677

<0.001^*

VDR, ng/L

3.92 (2.38, 5.87)

0.45 (0.32, 0.91)^a

0.76 (0.25, 1.53)^a

72.659

<0.001^*

Diabetes duration, years

-

10.00 (2.00, 13.25)

13.00 (5.75, 18.00)

−3.805

<0.001^*

Smoking history, n(%)

-

34 (29.82%)

52 (32.91%)

0.292

0.589

History of hypertension, n(%)

-

50 (43.86%)

92 (58.23%)^b

5.479

0.019^*

history of coronary heart disease, n(%)

-

7 (6.14%)

23 (14.56%)^b

4.780

0.029^*

history of stroke, n(%)

-

5 (4.39%)

17 (10.76%)

3.618

0.057

History of atherosclerosis, n(%)

-

71 (62.28%)

99 (62.66%)

0.004

0.949

Family history of diabetes, n(%)

-

22 (19.30%)

29 (18.35%)

0.039

0.844

History of diabetic retinopathy, n(%)

-

5 (4.39%)

32 (20.25%)^b

14.186

<0.001^*

History of SGLT2 inhibitor use, n(%)

-

25 (21.93%)

30 (18.99%)

0.355

0.551

History of GLP1 drug use, n(%)

-

5 (4.39%)

9 (5.70%)

0.233

0.629

History of use of ARBs or ACEIs, n(%)

-

29 (25.44%)

47 (29.75%)

0.610

0.435

SBP, mmHg

-

118.31 ± 19.87

127.13 ± 23.08^b

−3.374

0.001^*

DBP, mmHg

-

77.59 ± 10.06

79.08 ± 12.62

−1.081

0.281

UACR, mg/g

-

6.84 (4.41, 13.85)

110.89 (53.44, 370.06)^b

−14.033

<0.001^*

Hemoglobin, g/L

-

150.33 ± 13.87

142.39 ± 21.11^b

267.845

<0.001^*

Neutrophil percentage, %

-

57.00 ± 10.70

61.46 ± 10.78^b

−3.386

0.001^*

NLR

-

1.68 (1.26, 2.40)

1.93 (1.48, 2.90)^b

−2.399

0.016^*

Serum albumin, g/L

-

43.23 ± 3.72

40.06 ± 5.03^b

5.968

<0.001^*

25 (OH) D, nmol/L

-

60.58 ± 28.20

53.25 ± 22.82^b

2.323

0.021^*

Serum calcium, mmol/L

-

2.31 ± 0.11

2.32 ± 0.15

−0.730

0.466

HbA1c, %

-

8.58 ± 1.95

9.38 ± 2.17^b

−3.100

0.002^*

FINS, mU/L

-

10.58 (5.78, 16.05)

15.54 (9.00, 27.99)^b

−3.865

<0.001^*

FCP, ng/mL

-

1.33 (0.81, 1.97)

1.45 (0.74, 2.20)

−0.513

0.608

VDR-FokI genotype

7.530

0.110

 FF

13 (29.55%)

35 (30.70%)

40 (25.32%)

 Ff

28 (63.64%)

61 (53.51%)

81 (51.27%)

 ff

3 (6.82%)

18 (15.79%)

37 (23.42%)