Table 1 Summary of the pooled prevalence of ARGs included in the meta-analysis
From: A systematic review and meta-analysis on antibiotic resistance genes in Ghana
Gene | Frequency (n) | Proportion (%) | Bacteria harbouring the gene(s) | Total number of bacterial isolates | Pooled prevalence of gene among bacterial isolates | I2 (%) | p-value | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
blaOXA (including blaOXA−48, blaOXA−61, and blaOXA−1) | 75 | 3.6 | Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Proteus mirabilis | 965 | 10.3% (95% CI: 1.9–18.7) | 89 | < 0.01 | Human, animal and environment |
blaNDM (including blaNDM−1) | 137 | 6.5 | P. mirabilis, Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Cronobacter sakazakii, and Providencia stuartii | 873 | 17.2% (95% CI: 6.9–27.6) | 96 | < 0.01 | Human, animal and environment |
blaSHV (including blaSHV−3 and blaSHV−73) | 36 | 1.7 | K. pneumoniae, E. coli, Enterobacter spp., P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, and Salmonella spp. | 1051 | 3.5% (95% CI: 0.3–6.6) | 78 | < 0.01 | Human and animal |
blaTEM (blaTEM−1b, blaTEM−14, and blaTEM−24) | 311 | 14.8 | Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Cellobiococcus spp., Athrobacter spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., and Acinetobacter spp. | 1613 | 19.5% (95% CI: 9.7–29.3) | 97 | < 0.01 | Human and animal |
blaCTX−M (including blaCTX−M−15, blaCTX−M−914, blaCTX−M−825, blaCTX−M−28, blaCTX−M−1, blaCTX−M−9, blaCTX−M−3, blaCTX−M−27, and blaCTX−M−14) | 969 | 46.2 | E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Citrobacter spp., P. mirabilis, Acinetobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., and Providentia spp. | 3379 | 31.6% (95% CI: 17.6–45.7) | 100 | < 0.001 | Human, animal and environment |
tet (including tet(W), tetK, tetL, tetG, tetA, tetO, tetM, and tetB) | 89 | 4.2 | S. aureus, A. butzleri, Campylobacter spp., E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and S. pneumoniae | 1621 | 6.4% (95% CI: 1.9–11.0) | 86 | < 0.01 | Human, animal and environment |
qepA | 20 | 1.0 | E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., and Enterobacter spp. | 700 | 4.7% (95% CI: 0.0–11.1) | 83 | < 0.01 | Human |
qnr (including qnrS, qnrS1, qnrB, qnrS1, qnrB2, qnrB19, qnrB1, qnrA, qnrC, and qnrD) | 173 | 8.2 | Campylobacter spp., Arcobacter butzleri, Salmonella spp., E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, Citrobacter spp., and Enterobacter spp. | 3049 | 6.3% (95% CI: 3.4–9.1) | 89 | < 0.01 | Human |
gyrA | 66 | 3.1 | C. freundii, Campylobacter spp., A. butzleri, and Salmonella spp. | 638 | 10.0% (95% CI: 1.1–19.0) | 96 | < 0.01 | Human and animal |
ermB | 13 | 0.6 | A. butzleri, Campylobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus pneumoniae | 351 | 3.9% (95% CI: 0.0–8.5) | 78 | 0.01 | Human and animal |
sul (including sul1, sul2, and sul3) | 144 | 6.9 | C. freundii, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Salmonella spp., E. coli, and P. aeruginosa | 1066 | 16.4% (95% CI: 3.1–29.8) | 96 | < 0.01 | Human, animal and environment |
mecA | 65 | 3.1 | S. aureus and Staphylococcus hominis | 320 | 17.2% (95% CI: 0.0–34.8) | 96 | < 0.01 | Human and animal |